A rollup is a Layer 2 network that executes transactions off the main chain and posts them in compressed batches to it. Fraud proofs (optimistic) or validity proofs (ZK) keep the results honest.
Blockchain interoperability is the ability of separate blockchains to exchange data, assets and messages so applications can work across them. It relies on bridges, messaging protocols and shared standards.
A zero-knowledge proof is a cryptographic method for proving a statement is true without revealing the data behind it. For example, it can show someone is an adult without exposing their date of birth.
A zkEVM is a virtual machine that runs Ethereum-compatible smart contracts and produces zero-knowledge proofs that the execution was correct. It powers ZK rollups that support existing Ethereum tools.
Finality is the point at which a blockchain transaction can no longer be reversed or reordered. Networks reach it through different mechanisms and at very different speeds.
A Layer 1 blockchain secures and settles transactions itself, while a Layer 2 processes them off the main chain and posts the results back to it. Layer 2s exist mainly to lower fees and raise throughput while borrowing the base chain's security.
A Layer 2 is a network built on top of a base blockchain that processes transactions away from the main chain and settles the results back to it. The aim is lower fees and higher throughput.
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