Blockchain interoperability is the ability of separate blockchains to exchange data, assets and messages so applications can work across them. It relies on bridges, messaging protocols and shared standards.
A cross-chain bridge is a protocol that moves tokens or messages from one blockchain to another. It usually locks an asset on the source chain and issues a matching representation on the destination.
Finality is the point at which a blockchain transaction can no longer be reversed or reordered. Networks reach it through different mechanisms and at very different speeds.
A Layer 2 is a network built on top of a base blockchain that processes transactions away from the main chain and settles the results back to it. The aim is lower fees and higher throughput.
A blockchain oracle is a service that brings outside data, such as asset prices or event results, onto a blockchain so smart contracts can use it. Contracts cannot fetch that data themselves.
A rollup is a Layer 2 network that executes transactions off the main chain and posts them in compressed batches to it. Fraud proofs (optimistic) or validity proofs (ZK) keep the results honest.
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