A vulnerability assessment is a systematic review that identifies, ranks and reports known security weaknesses across systems. It usually combines automated scanning with analyst review and prioritisation.
An attack surface is the total set of points where an attacker could try to enter or extract data from a system. It spans exposed services, code, identities, devices and people.
PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) is the security standard for organisations that store, process or transmit payment card data. It sets controls to protect cardholder information from theft and misuse.
Penetration testing is an authorised, simulated attack on a system to find exploitable weaknesses before real attackers do. Testers work within an agreed scope and report what they reached and how to fix it.
Security patch management is the ongoing process of finding, testing and applying updates that fix known flaws. It covers operating systems, libraries, applications and infrastructure.
A software bill of materials (SBOM) is a machine-readable inventory of every component and version that makes up a piece of software. It includes indirect, transitive dependencies.
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