A service mesh is an infrastructure layer that manages communication between services. It handles encryption, retries, traffic routing and telemetry consistently, without changes to application code.
An API gateway is a service that sits in front of a set of APIs as a single entry point. It routes requests and handles shared concerns such as authentication, rate limiting, logging and transformation.
Microservices is an architectural style in which an application is built as a set of small, independently deployable services. Each owns a specific business capability and its own data, and talks to the others over the network.
Observability is the ability to understand what a running system is doing, and why, from the data it emits. That data is mainly logs, metrics and traces, which let engineers answer new questions without shipping new code.
Zero trust is a security model that never grants trust based on network location. Every user, device and request is verified before receiving the least access it needs.
TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the protocol that encrypts and authenticates data travelling between two systems. Typical pairs are a browser and a web server, or two internal services.
gRPC is an open-source framework for fast communication between services. Strongly typed contracts are defined in Protocol Buffers and data travels in compact binary form over HTTP/2.
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