Microservices is an architectural style in which an application is built as a set of small, independently deployable services. Each owns a specific business capability and its own data, and talks to the others over the network.
Kubernetes is an open-source platform for running containerised applications across a cluster of machines. It schedules containers, restarts failed ones, scales them with demand and routes traffic between them.
A monolith is an application built and deployed as a single unit, with interface, business logic and data access in one codebase. It shares one release process and is often the simplest sensible starting point.
A monolith ships the whole application as one deployable artefact; microservices split it into small services that are released independently. Monoliths are simpler early on, while microservices suit large teams that need to move separately.
An API gateway is a service that sits in front of a set of APIs as a single entry point. It routes requests and handles shared concerns such as authentication, rate limiting, logging and transformation.
Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform. It stores streams of records in durable, ordered logs that many applications can publish to and read from independently.
Cloud-native describes software designed from the start to run in the cloud. It is typically built from containers and microservices, managed declaratively and automated to scale, recover and update.
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