A monolith ships the whole application as one deployable artefact; microservices split it into small services that are released independently. Monoliths are simpler early on, while microservices suit large teams that need to move separately.
An API gateway is a service that sits in front of a set of APIs as a single entry point. It routes requests and handles shared concerns such as authentication, rate limiting, logging and transformation.
Application modernization updates existing software so it is easier to change, scale, secure and run. It ranges from moving an app to new infrastructure unchanged, through restructuring, to rebuilding or replacing it.
Microservices is an architectural style in which an application is built as a set of small, independently deployable services. Each owns a specific business capability and its own data, and talks to the others over the network.
A monolith is an application built and deployed as a single unit, with interface, business logic and data access in one codebase. It shares one release process and is often the simplest sensible starting point.
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