Application modernization updates existing software so it is easier to change, scale, secure and run. It ranges from moving an app to new infrastructure unchanged, through restructuring, to rebuilding or replacing it.
Cloud migration is the process of moving applications, data and infrastructure into a cloud environment. The source may be an on-premises data centre or another provider, and services must stay running and secure throughout.
A monolith ships the whole application as one deployable artefact; microservices split it into small services that are released independently. Monoliths are simpler early on, while microservices suit large teams that need to move separately.
Refactoring is the practice of improving the internal structure of existing code without changing what it does for users. The goal is code that is easier to read, test and extend.
Technical debt is the future cost created when software is built in a quicker or simpler way than it should be. It shows up as extra effort, bugs and slower delivery every time that code is touched later.
A monolith is an application built and deployed as a single unit, with interface, business logic and data access in one codebase. It shares one release process and is often the simplest sensible starting point.
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