Least privilege is the principle of giving every user, service and process only the access its job needs. It limits how far a mistake or a compromised account can spread.
Role-based access control (RBAC) is an access model in which permissions attach to roles rather than people. Users and services get access by being assigned one or more roles.
Secrets management is how a team stores, distributes, rotates and audits sensitive values such as API keys, passwords and certificates. The aim is that no secret ever sits in code or plain configuration.
Zero trust is a security model that never grants trust based on network location. Every user, device and request is verified before receiving the least access it needs.
Cloud security posture management (CSPM) continuously checks cloud accounts for risky misconfigurations and drift from security policy. It then helps teams prioritise and fix what it finds.
Identity and access management (IAM) is the set of policies and systems that control who or what can access which resources. It spans login, roles, permission reviews and offboarding.
Policy as code means writing security, compliance and operational rules as machine-readable code that tools check automatically in pipelines and at runtime. Policies are versioned, reviewed and tested like application code.
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