GraphQL is a query language and runtime for APIs that lets clients ask for exactly the fields they need from a typed schema. Requests usually go through a single endpoint instead of several fixed URLs.
A REST API is a web interface that exposes resources at URLs and uses standard HTTP methods to read and change them. GET, POST, PUT and DELETE map to reading, creating, replacing and removing data.
REST lets the server shape each response across many fixed endpoints; with GraphQL, the client requests exactly the fields it wants from one endpoint. REST caches more easily, and GraphQL reduces over-fetching for complex front ends.
A single-page application (SPA) is a web app that loads one HTML page and then updates the view in the browser with JavaScript as users navigate. New data comes from APIs instead of full page reloads.
An API (application programming interface) is a defined contract that lets one piece of software request data or actions from another. It hides internal details behind agreed operations, inputs and responses.
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