Caching stores copies of frequently used data in a faster location so future requests can be served without repeating slow work. That slow work might be a database query, a computation or a network call.
The backend is the server-side part of an application that users do not see. It holds business logic, data storage, integrations and security, and serves the front end and other systems through APIs.
A content delivery network (CDN) is a distributed set of servers that caches and serves content from locations close to users. Pages, images, video and API responses load faster and origin servers carry less load.
Database indexing is the practice of creating data structures that let a database find rows quickly without scanning a whole table. It speeds up reads at the cost of extra storage and slower writes.
A NoSQL database stores and retrieves data without the fixed tables and relations of traditional SQL systems. It uses documents, key-value pairs, wide columns or graphs, and is often built to scale horizontally.
Rate limiting is a technique that controls how many requests a client can make to a service within a set period of time. It protects systems from overload, abuse and runaway costs.
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