An audit trail is a chronological, tamper-resistant record of who did what, when and to which data or system. It lets organisations reconstruct events, prove compliance and investigate errors, fraud or security incidents.
Identity and access management (IAM) is the set of policies and systems that control who or what can access which resources. It spans login, roles, permission reviews and offboarding.
Observability is the ability to understand what a running system is doing, and why, from the data it emits. That data is mainly logs, metrics and traces, which let engineers answer new questions without shipping new code.
SOC 2 is an independent audit report on how a service organisation controls security and related risks, based on the AICPA Trust Services Criteria. Business customers often request it from software vendors.
Secrets management is how a team stores, distributes, rotates and audits sensitive values such as API keys, passwords and certificates. The aim is that no secret ever sits in code or plain configuration.
AI governance is the set of policies, roles and controls an organisation uses to decide how AI systems are built, approved, monitored and retired. It is how responsible AI principles get enforced.
KYC/AML means the Know Your Customer and Anti-Money Laundering controls regulated firms use to verify customers and detect suspicious money flows. They apply to banks, payment firms and, in many countries, crypto exchanges.
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